Frostbite and hypothermia are serious cold-related health conditions that occur when the body is exposed to freezing temperatures, commonly experienced in winter or cold environments. Both conditions require immediate medical attention and are preventable with proper precautions.

Frostbite is the freezing of body tissue, usually affecting extremities like fingers, toes, ears, and nose. It begins with a ‘pins and needles’ sensation followed by numbness. The affected area may appear pale or blue and hard to the touch. In severe cases, frostbite can lead to permanent damage, gangrene, and potential amputation. It occurs in stages, starting with frostnip, a mild form of frostbite that doesn’t cause permanent skin damage, and can progress to deep frostbite where all layers of skin and the tissues beneath freeze.

Proper clothing, from gloves to goggles, is essential to staying safely warm.

Hypothermia, on the other hand, occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can produce, causing a drop in core body temperature. Normal body temperature averages around 98.6°F (37°C). Hypothermia sets in when the body temperature falls below 95°F (35°C). Symptoms include intense shivering, slurred speech, loss of coordination, fatigue, and confusion. Severe hypothermia can lead to unconsciousness and, if left untreated, can be fatal.

Both conditions are exacerbated by wet conditions and wind. To prevent them, it’s crucial to dress warmly in layers, covering all parts of the body, especially in extremely cold or windy weather. Wet clothing should be removed immediately as it increases the risk of hypothermia. Understanding the signs and responding quickly by seeking shelter, using warm, dry clothing, and obtaining medical help is vital. In cases of hypothermia, warming the person’s core first, not the limbs, is important to avoid shock.

Prevention is key in avoiding both frostbite and hypothermia. It involves understanding the risks, preparing adequately for cold weather, and being vigilant about changes in body sensation and function in cold environments.